50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing

50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing 50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing 50 Rhetorical Devices for Rational Writing By Mark Nichol Is rhetorician on your resume? It should be, because I’d be surprised if you haven’t employed one or more of the methods listed below for conveying emphasis to your writing. Rhetoric, the art of persuasive written or spoken discourse, was developed in ancient Greece, and every one of the terms below stems from classical Greek or from Latin, the language of the culture that inherited the Greek oratory legacy. But that should be no obstacle to adding these tried-and-true tools to your argumentative armamentarium, because brief definitions, as well as examples, accompany this exhaustive but by no means complete list: 1. Amplification An expansion of detail to clarify a point: â€Å"We few, we happy few, we band of brothers.† 2. Anacoluthon A sudden break in a sentence’s grammatical structure: â€Å"So, then I pulled up to her house are you still with me here?† 3. Anadiplosis Repetition of words, especially located at the end of one phrase or clause and the beginning of the next: â€Å"I was at a loss for words, words that perhaps would have gotten me into even more trouble.† 4. Anaphora Repetition of one or more words at the head of consecutive phrases, clauses, or sentences: â€Å"I came, I saw, I conquered.† 5. Anastrophe Inversion of word order to mark emphasis: â€Å"Enter the forest primeval.† 6. Antanaclasis Repetition of a word in a sentence in which a different meaning is applied each time: â€Å"If you aren’t fired with enthusiasm, you will be fired, with enthusiasm.† 7. Antanagoge The contradiction of a negative comment with a positive one, as in â€Å"The car wouldn’t start this time, but it least it didn’t catch on fire.† 8. Antimetabole Reversal of repeated words or phrases for effect: â€Å"Ask not what your country can do for you, but what you can do for your country. 9. Antiphrasis Ironic use of a single word: â€Å"It was a cool 100 degrees in the shade.† 10. Antistrophe Repetition of a word or phrase at the close of successive clauses: â€Å"You said he was late true enough. You said he was not prepared true enough. You said he did not defend his statements true enough.† 11. Antithesis Contrast within parallel phrases (not to be confused with the ordinary use of the word to mean â€Å"extreme opposite†): â€Å"Many are called, but few are chosen.† The term can also refer to literary characters who, though not necessarily antagonists, represent opposite personal characteristics or moral views. 12. Apophasis Calling attention to something by dismissing it: â€Å"No one would suggest that those who are homeless elected to live on the streets willingly.† 13. Aporia A statement of hesitation, also known as dubitatio, in which characters express to themselves an actual or feigned doubt or dilemma: â€Å"Should I strike now, or bide my time?† 14. Aposiopesis Abrupt discontinuation of a statement: â€Å"If you say that one more time, I’m gonna † 15. Apostrophe Interruption of thought to directly address a person or a personification: â€Å"So, I ask you, dear reader, what would you have me do?† 16. Asyndeton Absence of conjunctions: â€Å"We cannot dedicate, we cannot consecrate, we cannot hallow this ground.† 17. Auxesis Exaggeration, often with sequential enhancement: â€Å"You found my purse? You are a hero, a prince, a god!† 18. Bdelygmia A rant of abusive language: â€Å"Calling you an idiot would be an insult to stupid people. Are you always this stupid, or are you just making a special effort today?† 19. Bomphiologia Excessive braggadocio: â€Å"I am the very model of a modern major-general. I’ve information vegetable, animal, and mineral.† Also known as verborum bombus. 20. Brachyology An abbreviated expression or telegrammatic statement: â€Å"‘Morning,’ he mumbled as he stumbled out of bed†; â€Å"I have three words for you, buddy: pot, kettle, black.† 21. Cacophony Deliberate use of harsh letter sounds: â€Å"The clash and clang of steel jarred him awake.† 22. Catachresis A hyperbolic metaphor, as in â€Å"Each word was a lightning bolt to his heart.† 23. Chiasmus This is the reversal of grammatical order from one phrase to the next, exemplified in these two well-known quotes about evaluation: â€Å"Judge not, lest ye be judged† and â€Å"A heart is not judged by how much you love, but by how much you are loved by others.† 24. Commoratio Repetition of a point with different wording: â€Å"He’s passed on! This parrot is no more! He has ceased to be! He’s expired and gone to meet his maker!† (etc., ad absurdum) 25. Dehortatio Imperative advice about how not to act: â€Å"Do not look a gift horse in the mouth.† 26. Diacope Repetition of one or more words after the interval of one or more other words: â€Å"People who like this sort of thing will find this the sort of thing they like.† 27. Diatyposis Advice: â€Å"Do unto others as you would have others do unto you.† 28. Distinctio A definition or clarification of a term: â€Å"What we will be seeking . . . will be large, stable communities of like-minded people, which is to say relatives.† 29. Epanelepsis Starting and ending a phrase, clause, or a sentence, or a passage, with the same word or phrase: â€Å"Nothing is worse than doing nothing.† 30. Epistrophe The repetition of a word at the end of each phrase or clause: â€Å"I swear to tell the truth, the whole truth, and nothing but the truth.† 31. Epizeuxis Epizeuxis, epizeuxis, epizeuxis! My favorite new word, also called palilogia, refers to nothing more than the repetition of words: â€Å"To my fifteen-year-old daughter, everything is ‘boring, boring, boring!’† 32. Hendiadys A conjunctive rather than a coordinate phrase: â€Å"I made it nice and hot, just the way you like it.† 33. Hyperbaton Excursion from natural word order in various ways: â€Å"Theirs was a glory unsurpassed†; â€Å"It is a sad story but true.† 34. Hysteron-proteron A reversal of logical order of elements in a phrase: â€Å"Sudden thunder and lightning drove them to shelter.† 35. Litotes This is the strategy of understatement often employed to provide subtle emphasis, frequently for ironic effect or to underline a passionate opinion: â€Å"The assassin was not unacquainted with danger.† 36. Meiosis A dismissive epithet, such as treehugger, or a humorously dismissive understatement (also known as tapinosis), such as the Monty Python and the Holy Grail gem â€Å"It’s just a flesh wound!† 37. Metanoia The qualification of a statement to either diminish or strengthen its tone, as in â€Å"She was disturbed make that appalled by the spectacle.† Traditionally, nay is often a keyword that sets up the shift, but no replaces it in modern usage except in facetious or whimsical writing: â€Å"You are the fairest flower in the garden nay, in the entire meadow.† 38. Paronomasia Punning wordplay, including any of many types, including homophonic or homographic puns, both of which are included in this example: â€Å"You can tune a guitar, but you can’t tuna fish. Unless of course, you play bass.† 39. Pleonasm Redundancy for emphasis: â€Å"We heard it with our own ears.† 40. Polyptoton Repetition of two or more forms of a word; also known as paregmenon: â€Å"You try to forget, and in the forgetting, you are yourself forgotten.† 41. Polysyndeton Insertion of conjunctions before each word in a list: â€Å"My fellow students read and studied and wrote and passed. I laughed and played and talked and failed.† 42. Scesis Onomaton Repetition of an idea using synonymous words or phrases: â€Å"We succeeded, won, and walked away victorious.† 43. Sententia The punctuation of a point with an aphorism such as â€Å"Don’t judge a book by its cover.† 44. Sentential Adverbs These single words or brief phrases emphasize the thought they precede, interrupt, or rarely follow. Examples include however, naturally, no doubt, and of course and, in informal writing, phrases such as â€Å"you see.† 45. Syllepsis Divergent use of a word in two phrases: â€Å"We must all hang together or assuredly we will all hang separately.† 46. Symploce A combination of anaphora and epistrophe: â€Å"To think clearly and rationally should be a major goal for man; but to think clearly and rationally is always the greatest difficulty faced by man.† 47. Synathroesmus A series of adjectives, also known as accumulatio, compiled often in the service of criticism: â€Å"You’re the most arrogant, selfish, self-absorbed, insufferable narcissist I’ve ever met!† 48. Synecdoche Substitution of a part or a substance for a whole, one thing for another, or a specific name used for a generic: â€Å"A hundred head of cattle were scattered throughout the field†; â€Å"A regiment of horse paraded by†; â€Å"The swordsmen unsheathed their steel†; â€Å"Do you have a Kleenex?† 49. Tapinosis Invective: â€Å"Get out of my way, you mouth-breathing cretin.† 50. Tricolon A series of three parallel words, phrases, clauses, or statements: â€Å"Tell me and I forget. Teach me and I remember. Involve me and I learn.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! 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12 Trucking Tips to Drive Safer This Winter

12 Trucking Tips to Drive Safer This Winter I don’t know about where you are, but here in New York, autumn has finally caught up to us. All the trees are racing to turn to yellow and red, and if this year’s anything like the last two, we’ve got some frigid temperature and blustery snowstorms to look forward to. Many drivers who find themselves in winter conditions forget some basics- they don’t change their driving skills or brush up on maneuvering and skid control. Make sure you’re up-to-date on the preventative safety skills that could save your life or someone else’s.If you’re still on the road this time of year, here are some important safety suggestions from the experts at Smart-Trucking.com.1. Slow DownThe speed limit may tell you the legal max, but it can’t read road conditions or understand delays in stop time the way you can. Don’t let your eagerness to finish a trip make you hurry when it’s not safe.2. Follow SafelyWhen possible, leave 1/4 mile bet ween you and the vehicle in front of you, and try to give space to the vehicles next to you, too. Remember that if you’re driving with a group, the mistake the front truck makes can impact everyone else.3. Get Out of the PackFor that reason alone, try not to drive in the packs traffic tends to organize itself into- your goal should be attaining the maximum distance around your vehicle.4. Don’t Fixate on Tail LightsIt can be tempting to focus on the lights of the car in front of you when visibility or weather conditions get overwhelming, but if you can see them you’re probably too close!5. Don’t Stop on the ShoulderOther cars and trucks in low visibility may not be able to figure out your truck has pulled over or even that it’s stopped, and they could slam into your rear axle before they knew what was happening. Try to get to a truck stop or weigh station- anywhere you can pull fully off the road.6. Don’t Try to Be a HeroEven if you pride you rself on always being on schedule or arriving before your deadlines, remember that pushing yourself when the weather is inclement is not worth risking your safety. Balance the pressure you feel coming from dispatches or service rules with concern for your life and others on the road.7. Don’t Jake BrakeBe especially aware of the risks of employing your jake brake and over-using your footbrake on icy and snowy roads. You may find yourself sliding and spinning out of control, especially when the trailer is empty.8. Pay Extra Attention to your Circle CheckMake sure all your systems are fully functional- you don’t want the defroster, the heater, the wipers, or the lights (particularly the brake and tail lights) to go down on you in the middle of a scary stretch of road. Make sure everything that has a level is full to capacity. If possible, have extras stored away in case you need to refill mid-drive.9. Stay Fueled UpFull fuel tanks mean extra weight on your drive tires, wh ich helps with traction and stability. Make sure your tires have enough pressure for winter driving, as well.10. Keep Your Lights CleanWhenever you can stop, make sure to clear off your head and tail lights, particularly if you’re equipped with LED lights. Make sure you’re visible, so other drivers can adjust if they need.11. Pack an Emergency KitYour kit should have necessities for servicing your truck, but also the basics to help you hunker down if necessary: a change of warm clothes, a bottle of water, hand-warmers, first aid kit, batteries, a flashlight, and flares. Also,  consider investing in portable chargers for any electronics you carry regularly.12. Get off the RoadWhen in doubt, use your common sense and best judgment about when it’s time to get off the road. It may make for a great war story to power through a terrible blizzard and make your delivery dates, but I guarantee people would rather remember the time you arrived a day late, alive and well , than the horrific accident that kept you from arriving at all. Know when to pull off the road. Remember that you’ll be the one ultimately held accountable for whether you drove or parked to wait it out.